Native American Encyclopedia Papoose To Rosebud Reservation
6 Parker Arthur Caswell Parker Arthur Caswell 1881 1955 was a Seneca Iroquois archeologist history writer and expert on Native American culture He was the first archeologist for the New York State Museum He also helped create the Society of American Indians which educated people about Native Americans In 1925 he became the director of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences In 1935 he became the first president of the Society of American Archeology In 1944 he helped create the National Congress of American Indians an organization dedicated to giving authority back to tribes Parker Cynthia Ann about 1825 about 1871 was the daughter of Texas pioneers Raiding Comanche warriors captured her when she was nine years old A Comanche couple raised her and named her Preloch As an adult she married a chief and they had two sons and a daughter Texas Rangers captured Parker and her baby daughter from the Comanches and brought them to her Texas relatives She tried many times to escape from Texas and return to her Comanche family After one of her sons and then her daughter died of illness Parker followed the Comanche custom of refusing to eat She grew ill and died at the age of 43 See also Comanche Cynthia Ann Parker cut her hair as a Comanche symbol of grief believing that her husband Chief Peta Nocona had been killed by the Texas Raiders who captured her Parker Ely Samuel 1828-1895 was a leader of the Seneca tribe of the Iroquois Nation He worked in a New York law firm for three years He applied to take the bar examination which would allow him to become a lawyer However he was banned from the examination because he was not of European descent Therefore he studied engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy New York and worked as a civil engineer Next he fought in the American Civil War as brigadier general for the Union When the Confederate general surrendered Parker wrote the legal documents of surrender After the war he became the head of the Federal Commission on Indian Affairs from 1869 to 1871
patrilineal descent 7 also founded the Native American Church which practiced the peyote religion See also Comanche and Parker Cynthia Ann Passamaquoddy refers to the Native American nation that originally lived from Maine to Canada’s New Brunswick They grew corn beans and squash also hunting inland in the winter In the summer they moved to the coast and caught seafood including porpoise They carved birch bark canoes and fished with spears They traded goods with neighboring Native Americans but often fought with members of the Iroquois Nation Today most Passamaquoddy live in Maine on two reservations One band lives in Canada but does not have a reserve there Patrilineal descent refers to the kinship of a person to the father and his ancestors In a European patrilineal system for example children inherit their father’s last name In a Native American patrilineal system children become members of their father’s clan See also matrilineal descent words to know ancestors AN-sess-terz family members born before a person such as the person’s great grandparents great great grandparents and so on kinship KIN-ship the relationship between blood relatives as with a parent and child Quanah Parker helped his people adapt to the U S culture while preserving their own Parker Quanah about late 1840s 1911 was the last chief of the Comanches He was the son of Cynthia Ann Parker and the Comanche chief Peta Nocona He led raids against frontier settlements in Texas for eight years He chose to surrender and help his people adjust to the U S culture After learning English Parker became wealthy as a farmer and an agent for Native Americans and U S businessmen In 1886 he became a judge for the Court of Indian Affairs In 1890 he became the principal chief of all Comanche bands He
8 Pawnee Pawnee also known as Paneassa Pari and Pariki is the Native American tribe that once lived in the present-day state of Nebraska Their name refers to the scalp lock worn by the men Before European arrival there were four Pawnee bands Each band had its FACT FILE Language The Pawnee language is a Caddoan branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock Location They lived along the Platte Loup and Republican Rivers in Nebraska Housing They lived in villages of earth lodges with as many as 30 to 50 people in each lodge While hunting buffalo they lived in tepees Diet The men hunted buffalo and the women grew corn beans pumpkins and squash own village and chief Most of the Pawnee died in the 1800s from European diseases Survivors lost their land in Nebraska through treaties and moved to a reservation in Oklahoma By 2005 the Pawnee population was about 2,500 Customs A chief and medicine man cared for each village The medicine man performed rituals and sacred songs to treat illnesses and prevent food shortages and enemy raids The Pawnee believed in a creator called Tirawahat and in a Sun god and star gods They planted corn based on the position of the stars The Skidi branch practiced human sacrifice during religious ceremonies until the 1840s Interesting Fact During the 1700s the Pawnee allied with the French Together they prevented Spain from expanding onto the Great Plains In 1820 a Pawnee council met with a group of U S Army engineers led by Major Stephen H Long This was the first scientific exploration up the Platte River to study the geography and natural resources of the area
Payne’s Landing Treaty of 9 Armstrong Custer He fought in the Battle of Beecher Island in 1868 and the Battle of Summit Springs in 1869 His band finally settled on the Red Cloud Agency in Nebraska Paxton Riots refers to the massacres of Native Americans in 1863 by a group of Pennsylvania frontiersmen called the Paxton Boys The Paxton Boys were named after their settlement near Paxton Church in Pennsylvania The Paxton Boys sought revenge for Pontiac's Rebellion a Native American uprising However they killed twenty Susquehannock Native Americans who were not part of the rebellion The Pennsylvania governor ordered the arrest of the Paxton Boys They were never arrested because no one came forward to identify them See also Pontiac’s Rebellion and Susquehannock Payne’s Landing Treaty of was an agreement between the United States and the Seminoles of Florida It required the Seminoles to leave their reservation in the center of Florida and move to the Creek Reservation in the Arkansas Territory The treaty was signed in 1832 two years after Congress passed the Indian Removal Act See also Indian Removal Act HARPER'S WEEKLY JOURNAL OF CIVILIZATION Pawnee Killer and his warriors fought against Custer and the Seventh Cavalry in 1867 The story was reported in Harper's Weekly a political magazine Pawnee Killer birth and death dates unknown was an Oglala Sioux war leader His name refers to his battles against the Pawnee his people’s enemy His people moved from the Dakota country into Colorado and Nebraska during the 1850s at the beginning of the Plains Wars He helped the Southern Cheyenne fight against invading settlers In 1865 he joined in the Julesburg Raids in revenge for the Sand Creek Massacre His band also raided western Kansas and was chased but not caught by George
