Native American Encyclopedia Papoose To Rosebud Reservation
8 Pawnee Pawnee also known as Paneassa Pari and Pariki is the Native American tribe that once lived in the present-day state of Nebraska Their name refers to the scalp lock worn by the men Before European arrival there were four Pawnee bands Each band had its FACT FILE Language The Pawnee language is a Caddoan branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock Location They lived along the Platte Loup and Republican Rivers in Nebraska Housing They lived in villages of earth lodges with as many as 30 to 50 people in each lodge While hunting buffalo they lived in tepees Diet The men hunted buffalo and the women grew corn beans pumpkins and squash own village and chief Most of the Pawnee died in the 1800s from European diseases Survivors lost their land in Nebraska through treaties and moved to a reservation in Oklahoma By 2005 the Pawnee population was about 2,500 Customs A chief and medicine man cared for each village The medicine man performed rituals and sacred songs to treat illnesses and prevent food shortages and enemy raids The Pawnee believed in a creator called Tirawahat and in a Sun god and star gods They planted corn based on the position of the stars The Skidi branch practiced human sacrifice during religious ceremonies until the 1840s Interesting Fact During the 1700s the Pawnee allied with the French Together they prevented Spain from expanding onto the Great Plains In 1820 a Pawnee council met with a group of U S Army engineers led by Major Stephen H Long This was the first scientific exploration up the Platte River to study the geography and natural resources of the area
Payne’s Landing Treaty of 9 Armstrong Custer He fought in the Battle of Beecher Island in 1868 and the Battle of Summit Springs in 1869 His band finally settled on the Red Cloud Agency in Nebraska Paxton Riots refers to the massacres of Native Americans in 1863 by a group of Pennsylvania frontiersmen called the Paxton Boys The Paxton Boys were named after their settlement near Paxton Church in Pennsylvania The Paxton Boys sought revenge for Pontiac's Rebellion a Native American uprising However they killed twenty Susquehannock Native Americans who were not part of the rebellion The Pennsylvania governor ordered the arrest of the Paxton Boys They were never arrested because no one came forward to identify them See also Pontiac’s Rebellion and Susquehannock Payne’s Landing Treaty of was an agreement between the United States and the Seminoles of Florida It required the Seminoles to leave their reservation in the center of Florida and move to the Creek Reservation in the Arkansas Territory The treaty was signed in 1832 two years after Congress passed the Indian Removal Act See also Indian Removal Act HARPER'S WEEKLY JOURNAL OF CIVILIZATION Pawnee Killer and his warriors fought against Custer and the Seventh Cavalry in 1867 The story was reported in Harper's Weekly a political magazine Pawnee Killer birth and death dates unknown was an Oglala Sioux war leader His name refers to his battles against the Pawnee his people’s enemy His people moved from the Dakota country into Colorado and Nebraska during the 1850s at the beginning of the Plains Wars He helped the Southern Cheyenne fight against invading settlers In 1865 he joined in the Julesburg Raids in revenge for the Sand Creek Massacre His band also raided western Kansas and was chased but not caught by George
10 Peace Commission of 1867 Peace Commission of 1867 was enacted by Congress to persuade various tribes to give up their lands and move to a reservation in South Dakota Oklahoma or Arizona This was an attempt to remove the Native Americans who had been fighting for land rights with the incoming settlers The Native Americans were able to fight more freely because the federal troops that once protected the settlers were busy fighting in the Civil War Some tribe leaders agreed to move to continue their way of life However settlers quickly violated treaties and moved onto reservation lands This led to bloody conflicts such as the Red River War See also Red River War Peace medals were a gesture of goodwill During the 1800s officials of the United States often presented peace medals to Native American chiefs during the signing of treaties Explorers Lewis and Clark also presented peace medals as a way to befriend tribal chiefs they met along their journey See also Lewis and Clark Expedition Peace pipes are used by many Native American tribes during spiritual ceremonies to meet strangers or to decide on war or peace During some typical ceremonies the pipe holder says a prayer to the North South East West Mother Earth and Father Sky The pipe smoker believes that the burning tobacco carries his prayers up to the Great Spirit Different tribes make pipes out of different materials The most familiar is the long peace pipe of the Sioux and other tribes of the Plains These pipes have a wooden stem attached to a bowl that holds the tobacco The bowl is carved from a type of stone called catlinite or pipestone The Iroquois and Cherokee tribes make smaller one-piece stone and ceramic pipes The Southwest tribes make wood and antler pipes Other ceremonial pipes are the medicine pipe and the war pipe In the past a warrior decorated the war pipe with red feathers which represented blood and smoked it before battle Settlers invented the tomahawk pipe that served as both a weapon and a smoking pipe They often presented this pipe as gifts to tribal leaders at treaty signings words to know catlinite KAT-leh-NITE or pipestone is a type of brownish-red rock made from clay ransom RAN-some payment demanded for the return of a captured person
Pea Ridge Battle of 11 Peach Tree War was the last major Dutch-Indian hostility According to legend the war began on September 15 1655 after a young Lenni Lenape girl picked a peach from the orchard of Dutch colonist Henry Van Dyck of New Netherland Angered by the theft Van Dyck killed the girl with his rifle which led to a Lenni Lenape uprising According to many accounts the Lenni Lenape killed about 100 Dutch captured 150 and wounded Van Dyck After negotiations the Lenni Lenape released their captives in return for ransom which included gunpowder and lead See also Dutch colonists and Dutch Indian hostilities Pea Ridge Battle of was a Civil War battle which took place in northwestern Arkansas on March 7 and 8 1862 The Union won this battle even though the Confederate Army outnumbered them A force of 2,000 Native Americans fought for the Confederate Army The force was mostly Cherokee which included Choctaw Chickasaw Creek and Seminole Native Americans Stand Watie a Cherokee leader was the colonel of this force See also Civil War and Watie Stand Catlinite is used to make one-piece stone and ceramic pipes Native Americans from the Plains carry their pipes and tobacco in a decorated bag called a pipe bundle Some Native Americans carved their pipes in the shape of animal figures This pipe made of catlinite is shaped like a frog’s head
