Native American Encyclopedia Indian Wars To Massachuset
On The Cover Detail from a painting by Karl Bodmer 1809-1893 Tepee in Alberta Canada Zuni girl photographed by Edward S Curtis 1903 Anasazi cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde National Park Colorado Project Consultant Scott Lyons Ph D an Ojibwe from Leech Lake teaches at Syracuse University He is also a columnist for Indian Country Today a Native American on-line and print publication 2009 Rourke Publishing LLC All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher www rourkepublishing com Photo credits Cover Photos V J Matthew John S Sfondilias and Library of Congress heiroglyph illustrations on cover and headers Revva Tatsiana Page 4 courtesy of the Library of Congress Pages 5 and 6 Edward S Curtis Collection Library of Congress Joseph Brant image courtesy of the Library of congress Page 9 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 9b paulaphoto Page 10 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 11 Edward S Curtis collection Library of congress Page 11b Knumina Page 13 courtesy of the Library of Congress Page 14 nicoolay Page 15 Terrill White Page 17 Edward S Curtis collection Library of Congress Page 18 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 19 Edward S Curtis Collection Library of Congress Pages 20 22 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 23 UM Page 24 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 25 TTphoto Page 26 Ronald Sherwood Pages 27 31 Edward S Curtis Collection Library of congress Page 34 Nikater Page 35 ish ishwar Page 36 Michael J Thompson Page 36b Kiowa ledger Page 37 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 38 NOAA Pages 39 and 40 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 42 Nikater Page 44 Alice Weniger Page 44 Günter Strube Page 45 courtesy of the Library of Congress Page 46 courtesy of the U S Bureau of the Census Page 48 YinYang Pages 49 50 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 52 Maria Martinez and Family pottery Courtesy Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery Tucson AZ and Santa Fe NM Page 53 Edward S Curtis collection Library of Congress Page 54 Nikater pages 56 62 art by Charles Reasoner Editor Meg Greve Cover and page design by Nicola Stratford Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sepehri Sandy Rourke's Native American history culture encyclopedia Sandy Sepehri p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-60472-421-9 alk paper 1 Indians of North America Encyclopedias Juvenile I Title II Title Rourke's Native American history and culture encyclopedia III Title Native American history culture encyclopedia E76 2 S46 2009 970 004'97 dc22 2008034816 Volume 5 of 10 ISBN 978-1-60472-711-1 Printed in the USA CG CG www rourkepublishing com rourke rourkepublishing com Post Office Box 3328 Vero Beach FL 32964
Introduction In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed from Europe to North America and changed the world forever Soon people from crowded European cities learned of the New World a big beautiful place where they could hunt farm and worship in freedom For the millions of people already living there however this world was not new it was home Their ancestors had been living on the American continents for thousands of years They had their own rich civilizations languages and cultures Columbus called them Indians thinking he had reached India Today in the United States they are called Native Americans and in Canada they are called First Peoples They are further categorized by their tribal names such as Cherokee Mohawk or Hopi Translated into English many tribal names simply mean The People As this name implies they were the people of the land the only people Then Europeans came to North America Colonists settled the eastern coast of North America and later established the United States Then pioneers arrived and moved to new areas west of the colonies The incoming Europeans brought a hunger for more land They also brought diseases for which the Native Americans had no immunity During a period of four hundred years after the arrival of Columbus both the Native Americans and the settlers faced immense challenges During this time millions of Native Americans died from disease and war Since the 1900s however their populations have grown and much of their culture has survived This encyclopedia series presents significant people and events in the history of Native Americans from the arrival of the Europeans to present-day events 1 2 3 4 1 People are listed with their last name first 2 The entries reference over 200 Native American tribes They are listed by their most familiar name A pronunciation chart is provided for many of the tribe names on page 64 3 Cross-references direct you to additional information related to a topic 4 Words to Know glossary is embedded in the text to help you pronounce and understand unfamiliar words
4 Indian Wars Indigenous peoples also known as Native Americans First peoples Native peoples First Nations and Aboriginal Peoples are the people who were the first to live in a certain location In the United States the term Native American refers to the indigenous peoples of North America Typical of the many Indian Wars the Battle of Tippecanoe was fought for control of land Here General William Henry Harrison leads U S troops to victory against Tecumseh’s warriors in an effort to clear the area for American settlers Indian Wars refers to the various battles fought from 1622 to 1890 for control of land in what is now the United States American colonists began these battles to gain more land for their settlements After the American Revolution and the establishment of the United States these battles continued between Native Americans and the U S military The result of these wars was that the United States took control of Native American lands up to its present borders In addition the government forced Native Americans to relocate onto reservations or to blend into the U S lifestyle According to U S government records about 45,000 Native Americans and 19,000 colonists and U S military died as part of the Indian Wars These figures include the women and children killed on both sides of the war See also Aboriginal peoples First Nations and Native American Infidel means a person with no religion When Europeans first came to America they were unfamiliar with the Native Americans customs They assumed the Native Americans had no religion Therefore they referred to them as infidels along with other insults such as heathens and savages
Ingalik are Athapascan-speaking people from Alaska who traditionally lived along the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers The name Ingalik was given to them by the Yup’ik people However they consider Ingalik offensive and prefer the name Deg Hit’an Traditionally the Deg Hit’an fished and hunted caribou bear moose migratory birds and other game They wore parkas and hunted with harpoons and spear throwers In the winter they lived in partly underground homes In 1832 Russian fur traders and explorers came to their area bringing with them smallpox which killed many of the Deg Hit’an Today the Deg Hit’an continue to live in Alaska in the Anvik village They are a federally recognized tribe and have their own tribal council As of the year 2000 there were 49 Deg Hit’an households in Anvik and one school Most families grow their own gardens and travel to fish during the summer months Some residents are commercial fishers Inkpaduta about 1797-1881 also known as Red End Red Cap or Scarlet Point was a war chief of the Santee Sioux He was born in the Dakota Territory In protest of the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux Inkpaduta led a group of 14 Sioux in the 1857 Spirit Lake Massacre in which they killed about 40 Iowa settlers In 1862 he fought against the U S Army in the Dakota War He also fought in the Battle of Little Bighorn against Colonel George Inuit 5 Armstrong Custer He later escaped to Canada with Sitting Bull He died there in 1881 Inuit are the first people to live in the Arctic regions of Alaska Greenland and Canada Surviving the icy climate and whale hunting is the basis of traditional Inuit culture North of the Arctic Circle they experience continuous sunlight in midsummer and continuous darkness in midwinter Today they live in the Canadian territory of Nunavut as well as an area of Quebec called Nunavik They also live in Nunatsiavut and in the Northwest Territories of Canada See also Arctic Culture Area and Indigenous peoples An Inuit hunter sets out in his kayak in search of whales or seals words to know Arctic Circle ARK-tic SIR-cle an imaginary circle around the world which is 66 34 north of the equator Dakota Territory dah-KOE-tuh TARE-eh-torey a U S territory established from 1861 to 1889 which included the present-day states of North and South Dakota
