Native American Encyclopedia Indian Wars To Massachuset
4 Indian Wars Indigenous peoples also known as Native Americans First peoples Native peoples First Nations and Aboriginal Peoples are the people who were the first to live in a certain location In the United States the term Native American refers to the indigenous peoples of North America Typical of the many Indian Wars the Battle of Tippecanoe was fought for control of land Here General William Henry Harrison leads U S troops to victory against Tecumseh’s warriors in an effort to clear the area for American settlers Indian Wars refers to the various battles fought from 1622 to 1890 for control of land in what is now the United States American colonists began these battles to gain more land for their settlements After the American Revolution and the establishment of the United States these battles continued between Native Americans and the U S military The result of these wars was that the United States took control of Native American lands up to its present borders In addition the government forced Native Americans to relocate onto reservations or to blend into the U S lifestyle According to U S government records about 45,000 Native Americans and 19,000 colonists and U S military died as part of the Indian Wars These figures include the women and children killed on both sides of the war See also Aboriginal peoples First Nations and Native American Infidel means a person with no religion When Europeans first came to America they were unfamiliar with the Native Americans customs They assumed the Native Americans had no religion Therefore they referred to them as infidels along with other insults such as heathens and savages
Ingalik are Athapascan-speaking people from Alaska who traditionally lived along the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers The name Ingalik was given to them by the Yup’ik people However they consider Ingalik offensive and prefer the name Deg Hit’an Traditionally the Deg Hit’an fished and hunted caribou bear moose migratory birds and other game They wore parkas and hunted with harpoons and spear throwers In the winter they lived in partly underground homes In 1832 Russian fur traders and explorers came to their area bringing with them smallpox which killed many of the Deg Hit’an Today the Deg Hit’an continue to live in Alaska in the Anvik village They are a federally recognized tribe and have their own tribal council As of the year 2000 there were 49 Deg Hit’an households in Anvik and one school Most families grow their own gardens and travel to fish during the summer months Some residents are commercial fishers Inkpaduta about 1797-1881 also known as Red End Red Cap or Scarlet Point was a war chief of the Santee Sioux He was born in the Dakota Territory In protest of the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux Inkpaduta led a group of 14 Sioux in the 1857 Spirit Lake Massacre in which they killed about 40 Iowa settlers In 1862 he fought against the U S Army in the Dakota War He also fought in the Battle of Little Bighorn against Colonel George Inuit 5 Armstrong Custer He later escaped to Canada with Sitting Bull He died there in 1881 Inuit are the first people to live in the Arctic regions of Alaska Greenland and Canada Surviving the icy climate and whale hunting is the basis of traditional Inuit culture North of the Arctic Circle they experience continuous sunlight in midsummer and continuous darkness in midwinter Today they live in the Canadian territory of Nunavut as well as an area of Quebec called Nunavik They also live in Nunatsiavut and in the Northwest Territories of Canada See also Arctic Culture Area and Indigenous peoples An Inuit hunter sets out in his kayak in search of whales or seals words to know Arctic Circle ARK-tic SIR-cle an imaginary circle around the world which is 66 34 north of the equator Dakota Territory dah-KOE-tuh TARE-eh-torey a U S territory established from 1861 to 1889 which included the present-day states of North and South Dakota
6 Iowa Iowa also called Ioway are Native Americans who once lived north of the Great Lakes They were part of the Winnebago people along with the Missouri the Omaha the Oto and the Ponca Sometime in the early 1600s the Iowa moved south from the Great Lakes woodland region and settled along the Iowa and Mississippi rivers They came to live on the plains in present-day Iowa northern Missouri and southern Minnesota On the plains the Iowa men hunted and the women farmed Their housing reflected their woodland and plains lifestyles Throughout the year they lived in different homes including bark houses which are similar to longhouses or wigwams wattle-and-daub houses earth lodges and tepees By 1836 they had lost their lands in Iowa and Missouri and moved onto reservations See also earth lodge and longhouse Iroquois also known as Haudenosaunee meaning people of the longhouse refers to six Native American nations that speak dialects of the Iroquoian language group These nations are the Mohawk Seneca Oneida Onondaga Cayuga and Tuscarora The Huron an enemy of these nations called them an insulting term meaning black snakes The name Iroquois is the French interpretation of the Huron insult The warriors of the Iroquois nations fought with some of the eastern tribes including the Wabanaki the Algonquin the Ojibwe and the Mohican bands With their friendly neighbors they traded corn tobacco and woodcrafts in exchange for furs and shells The earth lodge was home for many tribes of the Great Plains They built the floor of the earth lodge partly underground and covered the exterior with sod It was much larger than a tepee and could house a large family Led by the Iroquois leader Joseph Brant most Native Americans sided with the British during the American Revolution hoping to save their land from colonial expansion
FACT FILE Language Each Iroquois tribe has its own language These languages are related Mohawk was chosen as the language spoken at council meetings and religious ceremonies The red areas on the map show distribution of the Iroquoian languages before the arrival of nonnatives Location The original homeland of the Iroquois was in upstate New York between the Adirondack Mountains and Niagara Falls They now live in New York Wisconsin and Oklahoma and in Canada in southern Quebec and southern Ontario Housing The Iroquois lived in villages of longhouses Diet The tribe grew corn beans squash and wild berries They hunted deer elk and fish Dishes included cornbread soups and stews cooked on stone hearths See also clans and longhouse Iroquois Confederacy 7 Iroquois Confederacy also known as Iroquois League refers to the alliance of the Mohawk Seneca Oneida Onondaga Cayuga and Tuscarora Originally governed by the Iroquois Great Council the confederacy consisted of eight to fourteen chiefs from each of the six nations They met to discuss issues that were important to all such as wars government and religion The Iroquois Confederacy was an example of democracy for America’s founding fathers The Iroquois Confederacy still meets today However individual Iroquois tribal governments now decide most political issues See also wampum belt The flag of the Iroquois is based upon Hiawatha’s Belt made 400 years ago from wampum beads Both the belt and the flag symbolize the five original tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy words to know confederacy kun-FED-er-ah-see people or groups of people joined together with a common cause democracy dim-AH-krah-see a form of government in which all people have equal rights and leaders are elected
