Native American Encyclopedia Fox To Indian Territory
On The Cover Project Consultant Scott Lyons Ph D an Ojibwe from Leech Lake teaches at Syracuse University He is also a columnist for Indian Country Today a Native American on-line and print publication 2009 Rourke Publishing LLC All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher Detail from a painting by Karl Bodmer 1809-1893 www rourkepublishing com Photo credits Cover Photos V J Matthew John S Sfondilias and Library of Congress Page 4 Karl Bodmer Page 6 George Catlin Pages 8 Courtesy of Library of congress Page 10 Library of Congress Civil War Collection Page 11 SalomonCeb Page 12 Courtesy of Library of Congress Page 13b Wmpearl Page 14 Leo Kowal Pages 15 16 Courtesy of Library of Congress Page 17 Edward S Curtis Collection Library of Congress Page 18 Courtesy of Library of congress Page 20 Ra'ike Page 21 National Archives and Records Administration Page 22 Edward S Curtis Collection Library of Congress Page 23 Ryan Bushby Page 24 Courtesy of Library of congress Page 26 Raphaelle Peale Page 27 Edward S Curtis Collection Library of Congress Page 28 Courtesy of Library of congress Page 29 Bryan Brazil Page 29b Gary Blakeley Pages 30 31 32 33 34 Courtesy of Library of congress Page 35 Suzanne Long Page 35b Ivan Cholakov Page 36 Courtesy of Library of Congress Page 37 MWaits Pages 38 40 41 Courtesy of Library of Congress Page 42 Winthrop Brookhouse Page 43 PCL Map Collection at the University of Texas Libraries Page 43b Nmajdan Page 44 Courtesy of Library of Congress Page 44b The University of South Dakota 1975 From the Collection of the University of South Dakota Page 45 Edward S Curtis Collection Library of Congress Page 46 Courtesy of Library of Congress Page 46b David P Lewis Page 47 Courtesy of Library of Congress Page 47b Edward S Curtis Collection Library of Congress Pages 48 51 52 Courtesy of Library of Congress Page 54 Nikater Also the author thanks historian Mark J Johnston Editor Meg Greve Cover and page design by Nicola Stratford Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sepehri Sandy Rourke's Native American history culture encyclopedia Sandy Sepehri p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-60472-421-9 alk paper 1 Indians of North America Encyclopedias Juvenile I Title II Title Rourke's Native American history and culture encyclopedia III Title Native American history culture encyclopedia E76 2 S46 2009 970 004'97 dc22 2008034816 Tepee in Alberta Canada Zuni girl photographed by Edward S Curtis 1903 Volume 4 of 10 ISBN 978-1-60472-710-4 Printed in the USA CG CG Anasazi cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde National Park Colorado www rourkepublishing com rourke rourkepublishing com Post Office Box 3328 Vero Beach FL 32964 1
Introduction In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed from Europe to North America and changed the world forever Soon people from crowded European cities learned of the New World a big beautiful place where they could hunt farm and worship in freedom For the millions of people already living there however this world was not new it was home Their ancestors had been living on the American continents for thousands of years They had their own rich civilizations languages and cultures Columbus called them Indians thinking he had reached India Today in the United States they are called Native Americans and in Canada they are called First Peoples They are further categorized by their tribal names such as Cherokee Mohawk or Hopi Translated into English many tribal names simply mean The People As this name implies they were the people of the land the only people Then Europeans came to North America Colonists settled the eastern coast of North America and later established the United States Then pioneers arrived and moved to new areas west of the colonies The incoming Europeans brought a hunger for more land They also brought diseases for which the Native Americans had no immunity During a period of four hundred years after the arrival of Columbus both the Native Americans and the settlers faced immense challenges During this time millions of Native Americans died from disease and war Since the 1900s however their populations have grown and much of their culture has survived This encyclopedia series presents significant people and events in the history of Native Americans from the arrival of the Europeans to present-day events 1 2 3 4 1 People are listed with their last name first 2 The entries reference over 200 Native American tribes They are listed by their most familiar name A pronunciation chart is provided for many of the tribe names on page 64 3 Cross-references direct you to additional information related to a topic 4 Words to Know glossary is embedded in the text to help you pronounce and understand unfamiliar words
4 Fox Fox War part of the French and Indian Wars involved the French Dakota Sioux and Ojibwe against the Fox people from 1712 to 1737 The French had fur trade interests in the area and traded with the Fox and other Algonquian tribes Unlike most neighboring tribes when the French and British began to war against each other the Fox took up arms against the French Their long time enemies the Ojibwe sided with the French and the Fox would not fight on the same side as the Ojibwe The Fox also charged the French tolls for passage on the Fox River Through this war the French and Ojibwe gained control of Fox lands Freedmen refer to former slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamation of 1865 Prior to the start of the Civil War in 1861 native peoples in the Five Civilized Tribes including the Seminole Creek Chickasaw Choctaw and Cherokee owned about 10,000 African slaves After the Emancipation Proclamation the U S government required slaveholders to free their slaves and give them full citizenship or face penalties French and Indian War also known as the Seven Years War involved the British and the French Both sides used Native American tribes to help them In 1756 after two years of scattered fighting the British formally declared war on the Karl Bodmer painted this Fox man in the 1840s Fox also known as Mesquaki Mesquakie and Meskwaki meaning red earth people people lived in the western Great Lakes region in the area of today’s Wisconsin in the early 1700s They lived near both prairie and forest The Fox tribe followed the seasons In summer they constructed houses with wooden pole frames covered in bark They farmed the woodland river valleys planting beans corn squash pumpkins and tobacco In winter they hunted bison also called buffalo and other game moving their camps as needed to follow the herds In ceremonies the Fox smoked tobacco in a calumet a special pipe Pipe smoking held deep meaning for the Fox people for the ritual had the power to bring peace show respect and cement ties to other groups After the Fox War the tribe moved west of the Mississippi River Today tribal lands and reserves in Iowa Kansas and Oklahoma serve as their homes See also Sac
French Both the British and French wanted to claim lands particularly the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River This land held rich animal resources important in the fur trade The colonists joined the fighting because of the belief that whoever won the war would force their religion on the losers Late in the war the Spanish joined the French against the British The British won In 1763 the signing of the Treaty of Paris ended the war The British received all French lands east of the Mississippi River some lands in Canada and Spanish Florida France gave Spain its holdings in French Louisiana to make up for Spain’s loss of Florida After this France owned very little land in North America Tribes carved wampum beads from shells French peace wampum belt refers to a ceremonial piece made by Iroquoian tribes like the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois nations to mark important peace agreements between their tribes and the French French fur traders actively pursued agreements with native peoples They Gabrieleño 5 wanted access to the land and labor the Algonquian tribes could provide For the Haudenosaunee wampum belts expressed faith and kinship between peoples It meant they would honor the agreement See also wampum Gabrieleño also known as Gabrielino and Tongva people lived near the Pacific coast of North America in the region of today’s Los Angeles California including Santa Catalina Island They spoke a Uto Aztecan language before the Spanish arrived in the area When the Spanish brought Christianity and set up missions people began calling the tribes by the name of the closest mission in this case the Mission San Gabrielino The Gabrieleño built houses with pole frames covered by reed mats or sealskins Whale ribs sometimes replaced the poles The Gabrieleño hunted small game fished and gathered acorns and edible plants Settlement by outsiders from Mexico and the East and outbreaks of disease led to the tribe’s near extinction by about 1900 Descendants with headquarters today at San Gabriel California strive for federal recognition as a tribe words to know claim KLAYM to declare ownership game GAYM birds and fur-bearing animals hunted for food kinship KIHN-ship bonds or family ties
