Native American Encyclopedia Fox To Indian Territory
4 Fox Fox War part of the French and Indian Wars involved the French Dakota Sioux and Ojibwe against the Fox people from 1712 to 1737 The French had fur trade interests in the area and traded with the Fox and other Algonquian tribes Unlike most neighboring tribes when the French and British began to war against each other the Fox took up arms against the French Their long time enemies the Ojibwe sided with the French and the Fox would not fight on the same side as the Ojibwe The Fox also charged the French tolls for passage on the Fox River Through this war the French and Ojibwe gained control of Fox lands Freedmen refer to former slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamation of 1865 Prior to the start of the Civil War in 1861 native peoples in the Five Civilized Tribes including the Seminole Creek Chickasaw Choctaw and Cherokee owned about 10,000 African slaves After the Emancipation Proclamation the U S government required slaveholders to free their slaves and give them full citizenship or face penalties French and Indian War also known as the Seven Years War involved the British and the French Both sides used Native American tribes to help them In 1756 after two years of scattered fighting the British formally declared war on the Karl Bodmer painted this Fox man in the 1840s Fox also known as Mesquaki Mesquakie and Meskwaki meaning red earth people people lived in the western Great Lakes region in the area of today’s Wisconsin in the early 1700s They lived near both prairie and forest The Fox tribe followed the seasons In summer they constructed houses with wooden pole frames covered in bark They farmed the woodland river valleys planting beans corn squash pumpkins and tobacco In winter they hunted bison also called buffalo and other game moving their camps as needed to follow the herds In ceremonies the Fox smoked tobacco in a calumet a special pipe Pipe smoking held deep meaning for the Fox people for the ritual had the power to bring peace show respect and cement ties to other groups After the Fox War the tribe moved west of the Mississippi River Today tribal lands and reserves in Iowa Kansas and Oklahoma serve as their homes See also Sac
French Both the British and French wanted to claim lands particularly the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River This land held rich animal resources important in the fur trade The colonists joined the fighting because of the belief that whoever won the war would force their religion on the losers Late in the war the Spanish joined the French against the British The British won In 1763 the signing of the Treaty of Paris ended the war The British received all French lands east of the Mississippi River some lands in Canada and Spanish Florida France gave Spain its holdings in French Louisiana to make up for Spain’s loss of Florida After this France owned very little land in North America Tribes carved wampum beads from shells French peace wampum belt refers to a ceremonial piece made by Iroquoian tribes like the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois nations to mark important peace agreements between their tribes and the French French fur traders actively pursued agreements with native peoples They Gabrieleño 5 wanted access to the land and labor the Algonquian tribes could provide For the Haudenosaunee wampum belts expressed faith and kinship between peoples It meant they would honor the agreement See also wampum Gabrieleño also known as Gabrielino and Tongva people lived near the Pacific coast of North America in the region of today’s Los Angeles California including Santa Catalina Island They spoke a Uto Aztecan language before the Spanish arrived in the area When the Spanish brought Christianity and set up missions people began calling the tribes by the name of the closest mission in this case the Mission San Gabrielino The Gabrieleño built houses with pole frames covered by reed mats or sealskins Whale ribs sometimes replaced the poles The Gabrieleño hunted small game fished and gathered acorns and edible plants Settlement by outsiders from Mexico and the East and outbreaks of disease led to the tribe’s near extinction by about 1900 Descendants with headquarters today at San Gabriel California strive for federal recognition as a tribe words to know claim KLAYM to declare ownership game GAYM birds and fur-bearing animals hunted for food kinship KIHN-ship bonds or family ties
6 Gadsden Treaty Gadsden Treaty or Gadsden Purchase signed between Mexico and the U S in 1853 settled border arguments after the Mexican-American War The U S wanted a southern rail route connecting the East with the West James Gadsden who owned shares in the railroad picked to build the line negotiated the treaty with Mexico The Gadsden Treaty made changes in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the original peace agreement after the war Gadsden promised ten million dollars for southern New Mexico and Arizona Though the U S only delivered six million dollars Mexico bitterly agreed to the treaty to avoid a renewal of a war they could not afford This bitterness and mistrust lasted for many years Gall 1840-1894 also known as Pizi meaning man who goes in the middle was a Hunkpapa Lakota chief whose name refers to his fearlessness in battle He led warriors in Red Cloud’s War and in 1868 signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie to end it In 1876 Chiefs Sitting Bull Gall and Crazy Horse led warriors to victory at Little Bighorn Gall followed Sitting Bull to Canada but later returned to the U S settling on the Standing Rock Reservation in Dakota Territory preferring to farm in peace instead of continued war See also Little Bighorn Battle of and Sitting Bull Games of athletic skill and chance were popular in Native American life Every tribe had its own variations of games In hoop and-pole players tried to toss or slide a pole through a rolling netted hoop California Indians like the Maidu and Plains peoples like the Hidatsa passed the time with this game The game of lacrosse went beyond just having fun It served as a kind of medicine to bring players and nations a sense of well being It settled arguments that could not be resolved by discussion The winner of the game also won the argument Many tribes played lacrosse including the Iroquois tribes the Cherokee Creek Choctaw California Indians and Santee Sioux Native American lacrosse games sometimes involved hundreds of players The Inuit played a kind of soccer keep away with a leather ball stuffed with caribou hair Unlike soccer kicking goals wasn’t the object of this game Instead a
genocide 7 General Allotment Act of 1887 also known as Dawes Allotment Act ordered the division of reservation lands to Native Americans in 160-acre 64 hectare shares According to the law heads of households would receive the land The United States government could sell any leftover land Supporters of the act claimed it would force Native Americans to assimilate into mainstream American culture by moving them from community landholding to individual ownership The main result of the act however was to strip Native Americans of much of their land and ruin them financially The law held until 1934 when Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act Genocide is the intentional murder of a certain category of people particularly those of a certain race or set of beliefs Cultural genocide means erasing a way of life Throughout history Native American culture including language the importance of community spiritual practices and beliefs and clothing and shelter was constantly under attack words to know assimilate uh-SIHM-uh-layt to blend in with the surrounding ruling culture negotiate nuh-GOH-shee-ayt to bargain or talk over problems in order to come to an agreement Native Americans made game balls out of stone clay wood or animal skin stuffed with hair team won by keeping control of the ball the longest Kutchin athletes participated in wrestling matches Again a chief might suggest a wrestling match to settle a disagreement between two tribesmen Games sometimes prepared players for adult life such as battle games like the Mandan played Mandan boys split into two teams each coached by an experienced warrior They practiced battle moves and strategies and then held a battle game For the Choctaw highly competitive song contests among villages of the same tribe entertained everyone Many tribes enjoyed indoor games such as a string game similar to cat’s cradle dice games and betting Players made dice out of wood stone bone shell and even seeds Gamblers bet on running races or horse races in addition to guessing games and other games of chance See also batey and lacrosse
