Native American Encyclopedia Abalone Shells To Bone Artifacts
On The Cover Project Consultant Scott Lyons Ph D an Ojibwe from Leech Lake teaches at Syracuse University He is also a columnist for Indian Country Today a Native American on line and print publication 2009 Rourke Publishing LLC All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher www rourkepublishing com Detail from a painting by Karl Bodmer 1809 1893 Photo credits Cover Photos Library of Congress V J Matthew John S Sfondilias heiroglyph illustrations on cover and headers Rewa Tatsiana Pg 4 Courtesy of the City of Montreal Records Management Archives Montreal Canada Himasaram Pg 5 6 Library of Congress Brian0918 Pg 7 Tim Kiser w User Malepheasant Pg 8 Edward S Curtis Library of congress Ishwar Pg 10 ish ishwar Pg 11 Edward S Curtis Library of congress Pg 11b Linda Z Pg 12 J A Anderson Library of congress Pg 13c Library of Congress Pg 14 Alex Neauville Pg 15b Left Hook Pg 16 Edward S Curtis Library of congress Pg 17 Himasaram Pg 18 Rinehart F A Pg 18b Edward S Curtis Library of congress Pg 19 Nikater Pg 20 Library of Congress Pg 20b Edward S Curtis Library of congress Pg 22 library of congress Pg 24 W H Curd Pg 24b United States Department of Energy Pg 25b Madman Pg 25cm Luidger Pg 26 Francisco Amaral Leitão Pg 26b Tomasz Otap Pg 28 magmarcz Pg 29 madman Thomas Aleto Pg 31b Edward S Curtis Library of congress Pg 32 Edward S Curtis Library of congress Pg 33 Monsen Frederick 1865 1929 photographer Pg 34 Daniel Silva Pg 37 Robert S Horning Pg 38b courtesy of Western History Department of the Denver Public Library Pg 39 LeRoy N Sanchez Pa 40 Library of congress Pg 41 Van Truan Pg 41b Carlb Pg 42 NASA Pg 43 National Archives Pg 45 library of congress Pg 46C Tony Campbell Pg 47 courtesy Library of Congress Pg 48 Edward S Curtis Library of congress Pg 49 Doug Swisher Page 50 Edward S Curtis Library of congress Page 52 ChristopherM Page 52b Phaedriel Page 53 Michal Zalewski Page 54 Nikater Pages 56 thru 62 art by Charles Reasoner Tepee in Alberta Canada Editor Meg Greve Cover and page design by Nicola Stratford Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Zuni girl photographed by Edward S Curtis 1903 Sepehri Sandy Rourke's Native American history culture encyclopedia Sandy Sepehri p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978 1 60472 421 9 alk paper 1 Indians of North America Encyclopedias Juvenile 1 Title Il Title Rourke's Native American history and culture encyclopedia III Title Native American history culture encyclopedia E76 2 S46 2009 970 00497 dc22 2008034816 Volume 1 of 10 ISBN 978 1 60472 707 4 Printed in the USA CGCG Rourke Publishing www rourkepublishing com rourke rourepublishing com Post Office Box 3328 Vero Beach FL 32964 Colorado Anasazi cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde National Park
Introduction In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed from Europe to North America and changed the world forever Soon people from crowded European cities learned of the New World a big beautiful place where they could hunt farm and worship in freedom For the millions of people already living there however this world was not new it was home Their ancestors had been living on the American continents for thousands of years They had their own rich civilizations languages and cultures Columbus called them Indians thinking he had reached India Today in the United States they are called Native Americans and in Canada they are called First Peoples They are further categorized by their tribal names such as Cherokee Mohawk or Hopi Translated into English many tribal names simply mean The People As this name implies they were the people of the land the only people Then Europeans came to North America Colonists settled the eastern coast of North America and later established the United States Then pioneers arrived and moved to new areas west of the colonies The incoming Europeans brought a hunger for more land They also brought diseases for which the Native Americans had no immunity During a period of four hundred years after the arrival of Columbus both the Native Americans and the settlers faced immense challenges During this time millions of Native Americans died from disease and war Since the 1900s however their populations have grown and much of their culture has survived This encyclopedia series presents significant people and events in the history of Native Americans from the arrival of the Europeans to present day events 1 People are listed with their last name first 2 The entries reference over 200 Native American tribes They are listed by their most familiar name A pronunciation chart is provided for many of the tribe names on page 64 3 Cross references direct you to additional information related to a topic 4 Words to Know glossary is embedded in the text to help you pronounce and understand unfamiliar words
4 abalone shells Abalone shells are used by Native Their food included maize also known Americans to make jewelry The abalone is as corn beans squash deer moose a type of mollusk The shell of the abalone muskrat otter bear and fish The Abenaki is lined with a shiny iridescent layer To be fertilized their maize with dead fish They made into jewelry the shiny layer is lived in wigwams and wore clothing made broken split cut and polished from animal hides They used tree bark to make canoes and containers Native Americans used abalone shells to make simple beads or intricate carvings for their jewelry Abenaki also known as Abnaki Wabanaki and Wapanahki meaning people of the dawn or easterners a confederacy of many Algonquian speaking tribes lived in what is now Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts and sections of eastern Canada This watercolor shows an Abenaki couple in the 18th century The Abenaki were among the first Native Americans to meet Europeans During the wars between the French and the English who fought for control of North America the Abenaki sided with the French After the Abenaki confederacy was defeated by the English in 1725 many of the Abenaki moved to sections of Canada ruled by the French See also Dummer's War and wigwam The flag of the St Francis Sokoki band of the Abenaki includes symbols such as the sun and water
acculturations Aboriginal peoples also known as Seminole War which was waged between Native Americans indigenous peoples the Seminoles and the United States Army First Peoples native peoples First Nations from 1817 to 1818 Abraham fought with and Aborigines are believed to be the the Seminoles and became a member of original people to live in a particular the Seminole Nation He married the location widow of Chief Bowlegs and became the chief advisor to Chief Micanopy of the See also American Indians Alachua Seminoles See also Seminole and Seminole Wars Abraham 1782 unknown also known as Sauanaffe Tustunnagee meaning Suwannee warrior was a Black Seminole warrior Black Seminoles were Africans who escaped slavery and found freedom in Florida among the Seminole Nation Acculturation refers to the changes that one culture experiences when it meets another culture This change can happen naturally as when Native Americans learned European ways of hunting and farming One culture can also force acculturation on another For example beginning in the late 1800s the U S government forced some Native American children to attend boarding schools There the children were taught English and job skills They were not allowed to speak their native languages See also Indian boarding schools Abraham was a Black Seminole warrior and part of the Seminole Nation from its beginning in Florida WORDS TO KNOW Abraham escaped slavery by joining the British army during the War of 1812 He helped build a fort in Florida that became a safe place for runaway slaves This fort was attacked during the first confederacy kun FEH der ah see groups who work together toward a common goal iridescent EAR ah deh sent having changing rainbow colors as seen on bubbles mollusk mall UHSK a soft bodied invertebrate an animal that has no backbone such as a snail
