CHAPTER 3 REFORM AND RENEWAL 38 eCClesiastiCal reform 38 the CounCil of Clermont 41 the first Crusade 42 preparations for the Crusade 42 from Constantinople to antioCh 46 the siege of Jerusalem 49 the papaCy and the holy roman empire 52 CHAPTER 4 THE CONSEQUENCES OF REFORM 54 the transformation of thought and learning 54 papal administration 59 the ChurCh hierarChy below the pope 64
devotional life 69 Christianity Judaism and islam 73 Crime and Punishment 74 CHAPTER 5 FROM TERRITORIAL PRINCIPALITIES TO TERRITORIAL MONARCHIES 80 the offiCe and person of the King 81 Courts and assemblies 83 the three orders 87 CONCLUSION 92 GLOSSARY 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY 97 INDEX 102
Introduction T he period of European history from extending about 500 to 1400 1500 CE is traditionally known as the Middle Ages The term was first used by 15th-century scholars to designate the pe riod between their own time and the fall of the Western Roman Empire The period is often considered to have its own internal divisions early central or high and late The change from ancient ways to medieval customs came so gradually however that it is difficult to tell exactly when the Middle Ages began The conventional date of the be ginning of the Middle Ages is 476 CE when the Germanic general Odoacer defeated the Roman general Orestes and overthrew the emperor 8
The fan vaults of Gloucester Cathedral seen here are an example of the Perpendicular style a phase of late Gothic architecture unique to England 9
