Published in 2018 by Britannica Educational Publishing a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc in association with The Rosen Publishing Group Inc 29 East 21st Street New York NY 10010 Copyright 2018 by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc All rights reserved Rosen Publishing materials copyright 2018 The Rosen Publishing Group Inc All rights reserved Distributed exclusively by Rosen Publishing To see additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles go to rosenpublishing com First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing J E Luebering Executive Director Core Editorial Andrea R Field Managing Editor Compton’s by Britannica Rosen Publishing Meredith Day Editor Nelson Sá Art Director Brian Garvey Designer Cindy Reiman Photography Manager Bruce Donnola Photo Researcher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names Roscoe Kelly editor Title The end of the Middle Ages edited by Kelly Roscoe Description New York Britannica Educational Publishing 2018 Series Power and religion in Medieval and Renaissance times Includes bibliographical references and index Audience Grade 9 to 12 Identifiers LCCN 2016053739 ISBN 9781680486247 eBook Subjects LCSH Middle Ages Classification LCC D203 E527 2017 DDC 940 1 9 dc23 LC record available at https lccn loc gov 2016053739 Manufactured in the United States of America Photo credits Cover pp 3 12 23 38 54 80 Conde Shutterstock com pp 8-9 48-49 77 Heritage Images Hulton Archive Getty Images p 13 Project Gutenberg Text 10940 p 15 Apic Hulton Archive Getty Images p 17 Encyclopædia Britannica Inc p 21 Winchester Cathedral Hampshire UK Bridgeman Images p 24 Alexander Fotolia p 26 North Wind Picture Archives pp 28-29 58 Photos com Thinkstock pp 30-31 javarman Fotolia pp 34-35 G Sioen De Agostini Picture Library Getty Images p 40 Courtesy of the Burgerbibliothek Bern p 44 Keystone-France Gamma-Keystone Getty Images p 51 82 Print Collector Hulton Archive Getty Images p 56 Courtesy of the Musée Condé Chantilly Fr photograph Giraudon Art Resource New York p 57 Museo Civico Bologna Italy Bridgeman Images pp 62-63 Gail Mooney Corbis VCG Corbis Documentary Getty Images p 65 Catarina Belova Shutterstock com p 68 Private Collection Bridgeman Images p 70 Alinari-Anderson Art Resource New York pp 73 86 Photo 12 Universal Images Group Getty Images p 75 British Library London UK British Library Board All Rights Reserved Bridgeman Images p 78 Archivo Mas Barcelona p 84 Courtesy of the Universitätsbibliothek Bremen Ger p 88 Leemage Universal Images Group Getty Images p 90 DEA Picture Library Getty Images interior pages background and border graphics Roberto Castillo Shutterstock com back cover flourish Drakonova Shutterstock com
INTRODUCTION 8 CHAPTER 1 THE FRANKISH ASCENDANCY 12 Charlemagne and the Carolingian dynasty 14 Charlemagne’s legaCy 18 Carolingian deCline and its ConsequenCes 20 CHAPTER 2 GROWTH AND INNOVATION 23 demographiC and agriCultural growth 25 teChnologiCal innovations 30 gothiC arChiteCture 32 urban growth 34 Contents
CHAPTER 3 REFORM AND RENEWAL 38 eCClesiastiCal reform 38 the CounCil of Clermont 41 the first Crusade 42 preparations for the Crusade 42 from Constantinople to antioCh 46 the siege of Jerusalem 49 the papaCy and the holy roman empire 52 CHAPTER 4 THE CONSEQUENCES OF REFORM 54 the transformation of thought and learning 54 papal administration 59 the ChurCh hierarChy below the pope 64
devotional life 69 Christianity Judaism and islam 73 Crime and Punishment 74 CHAPTER 5 FROM TERRITORIAL PRINCIPALITIES TO TERRITORIAL MONARCHIES 80 the offiCe and person of the King 81 Courts and assemblies 83 the three orders 87 CONCLUSION 92 GLOSSARY 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY 97 INDEX 102
