49 50 Atomic Mass or Atomic Weight Electron Shells and Chemical Activity Elements Form Groups and Periods The Noble Gases 52 55 56 classification of Elements in the Periodic Table 60 62 CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Elements compounds and Mixtures Solutions Molecules and Chemical Formulas Chemical Equations 63 67 70 72 74 74 76 CHAPTER 5 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND BONDS Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Making a compound Important Inorganic compounds Sulfuric Acid Sodium Chloride Hydrochloric Acid Nitrogen Compounds 78 79 80 82 84 86 88 89 91 92 94 CHAPTER 6 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND BONDS The Family of Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons of the Benzene Type Compounds with Double and Triple Bonds Classification of Carbon Compounds Many kinds of Alcohols Aldehydes Ketones and Ethers Two Types of Organic Acids Esters Amines and Amides Compounds with Double Acting Groups chemical characteristics of Fats Carbohydrates and Proteins Helpful Vitamins and Drugs Synthetics Fibers Plastics and Rubber 95 96 97 98 99 100 101
103 103 105 108 110 CHAPTER 7 THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY The Period of Magic The Sterile Period of Alchemy The Beginnings of Modern Chemistry Dalton's Theory of Atoms The Rise of Organic Chemistry More New Fields of Investigation The Development of Physical Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry and Atomic Structure New Synthetic Materials Chemistry for a New Millennium 111 112 114 116 18 119 122 125 CONCLUSION GLOSSARY FOR MORE INFORMATION FOR FURTHER READING 127 130 INDEX 133
INTRODUCTION Students in chemistry class learn that chemistry helps them recognize how the differences in the properties of matter relate to what the matter is composed of Jon Feingersh Blend Images Getty Images
INTRODUCTION hy do onions make people cry What makes fireworks explode How do rechargeable batteries recharge All these questions and many more can be answered with one simple word chemistry Chemistry plays a very large role in everyday life Without it bread would not rise cleaners would not clean and life itself would not exist Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that matter undergoes Anything you can see touch smell or taste is made up of matter An airplane is matter An ant is matter The air that surrounds you is made up of matter too although you cannot see it Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space Sound and light though are not matter Unlike air they do not have mass or take up space A pure substance is matter that has a spe cific composition and definite properties Elements and compounds are pure sub stances but mixtures such as apple juice are not Apple juice is a mixture of many pure substances such as water sugars and vitamins The chapters in this book introduce the major concepts of the phys ical and chemical properties of
