Ruth Ella Moore BACTERIOLOGIST Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes MATHEMATICIAN Alfreda Johnson Webb DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Jane Hinton DOCTOR OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Georgia Louise Harris Brown ARCHITECT Angie Lena Turner King MATHEMATICIAN CHEMIST Myra Adele Logan MEDICAL DOCTOR SURGEON RESEARCHER Flemmie Kittrell HOME ECONOMIST Carolyn Beatrice Parker PHYSICIST Marie Maynard Daly BIOCHEMIST Jane Cooke Wright ONCOLOGIST Annie Easley MATHEMATICIAN COMPUTER SCIENTIST Yvonne Young Clark MECHANICAL ENGINEER Angella Dorothea Ferguson PEDIATRICIAN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA RESEARCHER Jessie Isabelle Price VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGIST 46 47 48 48 50 53 56 58 62 64 68 71 75 79 82
83 Bessie Blount NURSE PHYSICAL THERAPIST INVENTOR FORENSIC SCIENTIST PART 3 ONWARD 87 91 Georgia Mae Dunston GENETICIST Joan Murrell Owens 95 MARINE BIOLOGIST June Bacon Bercey 98 METEOROLOGIST 101 Patricia Suzanne Cowings PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIST INVENTOR 103 Mamie Parker BIOLOGIST ENVIRONMENTALIST 107 Shirley Ann Jackson PHYSICIST 112 Patricia E. Bath OPHTHALMOLOGIST LASER SCIENTIST INVENTOR 117 Donna Auguste ELECTRICAL ENGINEER COMPUTER SCIENTIST DATA SCIENTIST ENTREPRENEUR Pamela McCauley 121 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER Treena Livingston Arinzeh 126 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEER Ayanna Howard 128 ROBOTICIST
Paula T Hammond CHEMICAL ENGINEER Ashanti Johnson GEOCHEMIST CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHER Yasmin Hurd NEUROBIOLOGIST Phyllis A Dennery NEONATOLOGIST Lisa D White GEOLOGIST MICROPALEONTOLOGIST Emma Garrison-Alexander CYBERSECURITY PROFESSIONAL Kimberly Bryant ELECTRICAL ENGINEER FOUNDER OF BLACK GIRLS CODE Aprille Joy Ericsson AEROSPACE ENGINEER Lisette Titre-Montgomery VIDEO GAME DEVELOPER Latanya Sweeney COMPUTER SCIENTIST DATA SCIENTIST Patrice Banks MECHANIC Aomawa Shields ASTRONOMER ASTROBIOLOGIST Omega NOTES SELECTED SOURCES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IMAGE CREDITS INDEX 131 134 138 141 143 148 151 154 160 162 166 168 173 176 195 196 198 200
ALPHA During her 2001 2004 tenure in a leadership position at the National Science Foundation NSF white biologist Dr Judith Ramaley took a shine to the acronym STEM Science Technology Engineering Mathematics The NSF a federal agency that funds education and research in specified fields had previously used SMET Science Math Engineering Technology Dr Ramaley championed championed the shift from SMET to STEM she said because science and math support the other two disciplines and because STEM sounds nicer than SMET Too SMET subtly implies that science and math came first or were better The newer term suggests a meaningful connection among them With STEM the NSF doesn’t include physicians and some other medical professionals Understandable When the SMET then STEM push began the nation had no shortage of doctors for example This was not the case with other fields such as engineering Pinning down STEM is a bit tricky For example the US Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics considers nursing a STEM field but the NSF does not And while the NSF lists certain social sciences as STEM psychology for example the Department of Commerce does not 1
