Before During and After Reading Activities Before Reading Building Background Knowledge and Academic Vocabulary Before Reading strategies activate prior knowledge and set a purpose for reading Before reading a book it is important to tap into what your child or students already know about the topic This will help them develop their vocabulary and increase their reading comprehension Questions and activities to build background knowledge 1 Look at the cover of the book What will this book be about 2 What do you already know about the topic 3 Let's study the Table of Contents What will you learn about in the book's chapters 4 What would you like to learn about this topic Do you think you might learn about it from this book Why or why not Building Academic Vocabulary Building academic vocabulary is critical to understanding subject content Assist your child or students to gain meaning of the following vocabulary words Content Area Vocabulary Read the list What do these words mean ballast tanks density mines battery efficient nuclear compressed engineers piston propellers vents volume During Reading Writing Component During Reading strategies help to make connections monitor understanding generate questions and stay focused 1 While reading write in your reading journal any questions you have or anything you do not understand 2 After completing each chapter write a summary of the chapter in your reading journal 3 While reading make connections with the text and write them in your reading journal a Text to Self What does this remind me of in my life What were my feelings when I read this b Text to Text What does this remind me of in another book I've read How is this different from other books I've read c Text to World What does this remind me of in the real world Have I heard about this before News current events school etc After Reading Comprehension and Extension Activity After Reading strategies provide an opportunity to summarize question reflect discuss and respond to text After reading the book work on the following questions with your child or students to check their level of reading comprehension and content mastery 1 What are some problems faced by submarine engineers Summarize 2 How have submarines been helpful to countries during wars Asking Questions 3 Would you like to ride in a submarine Why or why not Text to Self Connection 4 What are some of the most important changes in submarine building Asking Questions 5 How might submarines work in the future Asking Questions Extension Activity Design your own submarine What kind of engine do you need How will you design places for people to live What jobs will your submarine do How will you keep crew members safe on the submarine
TABLE OF CONTENTS The First Submarines Basics of Submarine Design Wartime Submarines Research and Recreational Subs Personal Submarines Submarines of the Future Timeline Glossary Index Show What You Know Further Reading About the Author
THE FIRST SUBMARINES Throughout human history people throughout have been curious about the underwater world At first explorers simply held their breath and dove in But they could only stay submerged for a few minutes before they ran out of air Around 3000 BCE Greek divers used hollow reeds to breathe under water They also carried bags of air These did not last long though Divers still had to surface quickly An Idea Is Bourne In 1578 William Bourne 1535 1582 an English mathematician and Royal Navy gunner published a book that described his idea for engineering a submarine However Bourne's submarine was never built
The diving bell gave early explorers another way to breathe under water These heavy containers were made of wood metal or glass Diving bells sank because the downward force of their weight was greater than the upward push of the water When the bells sank a bubble of air was trapped inside People could use this air to breathe Early Bells Legend has it that Alexander the Great 356 323 BCE used a type of diving bell in 332 BCE The modern diving bell was invented in 1690 by Edmund Halley Halley's diving bell was weighted down with barrels Tubes brought air to the inside of the bell
