CONTENTS How to Use This Book 10 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom 12 Life Cycle and Babies 14 Senses and Communication 16 Homes and Habitats 18 Migrations 20 Adaptations for Survival 22 Endangered 24 Conservation 26 BIRDS MAMMALS Mammals 28 Mammals Yearbook 30 What Is a Mammal 32 Monotremes and Marsupials 34 From the Field Tree Kangaroo 36 Mouse Like Rodents 38 Cavy Like and Squirrel Like Rodents 40 Bats 42 Rabbits and Relatives 44 Shrews and Small Insectivores 45 Anteaters Armadillos and Sloths 46 Dogs Wolves and Relatives 48 From the Field Arctic Wolf 50 Skunks and Stink Badgers 52 Otters Weasels and Relatives 53 From the Field Giant Otter 54 Civets Fossas and Relatives 56 Mongooses 57 Raccoons Red Pandas and Relatives 58 Hyenas and Aardwolves 59 Bears 60 Large Cats 62 From the Lens Lion 64 Small and Medium Cats 66 From the Field Leopard 68 Seals Sea Lions and Furred Seals 70 Walruses 71 Elephants 72 Sea Cows 73 Cows Sheep and Goats 74 Antelopes and Pronghorns 76 Deer and Elk 77 Giraffes and Okapis 78 Hippos and Pigs 79 Camels and Relatives 80 Horses and Relatives 81 Rhinos and Tapirs 82 Dolphins Porpoises and Other Toothed Whales 84 Baleen Whales 85 From the Field Orca 86 Lemurs and Relatives 88 Pottos Lorises and Galagos 89 Monkeys 90 Apes and Tarsiers 92 From the Field Western Lowland Gorilla 94 Mammal Records 96 Birds 98 Birds Yearbook 100 What Is a Bird 102 Eagles Falcons Hawks and Owls 104 From the Field Harpy Eagle 106 Ducks Geese and Swans 108 Gulls Puffins and Sandpipers 110 Albatrosses Pelicans and Relatives 112 From the Field Wandering Albatross 114 Herons Flamingos and Relatives 116 Loons and Grebes 118 Cranes Bustards and Relatives 119 Chickens Turkeys and Relatives 120 Pigeons and Doves 122 Kingfishers Hornbills and Relatives 123 Cuckoos and Relatives 124 Nightjars Potoos and Relatives 125 Hummingbirds and Swifts 126 Parrots 127 From the Lens Bird of Paradise 128 Woodpeckers Toucans and Relatives 130 Ratites 131 Antbirds and Relatives 132 Flycatchers 133 Crows and Relatives 134 Cardinals and Other Songbirds 136 Robins and Other Songbirds 138 Penguins 140 From the Field King Penguin 142 Bird Records 144
REPTILES Reptiles 146 Reptiles Yearbook 148 What is a Reptile 150 Crocodiles Caimans and Alligators 152 From the Field American Crocodile 154 Turtles and Tortoises 156 From the Lens Sea Turtle 158 Iguanas Chameleons and Relatives 160 Geckos Skinks and Monitors 162 Snakes 164 From the Field Gaboon Viper 166 Reptile Records 168 FISH AMPHIBIANS Amphibians 170 Amphibians Yearbook 172 What Is an Amphibian 174 Salamanders and Newts 176 From the Lens Long Tailed Salamander 178 Toads 180 Frogs 182 From the Field Golden Poison Frog 184 Amphibian Records 186 INVERTEBRATES Fish 188 Fish Yearbook 190 What Is a Fish 192 Primitive Fish 194 Sharks 196 From the Field Tiger Shark 198 Skates and Rays 200 Eels 202 Anchovies Herrings and Relatives 203 From the Lens Whale Shark 204 Cod and Relatives 206 Deep Sea Fish 207 Trout and Salmon 208 Catfish Piranhas and Relatives 209 From the Field Taimen 210 Perch and Relatives 212 Tuna Marlin Swordfish and Relatives 214 Scorpionfish and Sculpins 215 Reef Fish and Seahorses 216 From the Field Gray Angelfish 218 Fish Records 220 Invertebrates 222 Invertebrates Yearbook 224 What is an Invertebrate 226 Sponges 228 Worms 229 Corals 230 Anemones and Jellyfish 231 From the Lens Jellyfish 232 Snails and Slugs 234 Clams Oysters Mussels and Scallops 235 Octopuses and Relatives 236 Echinoderms 237 Crabs Shrimp and Lobsters 238 Spiders Scorpions Ticks and Mites 240 Centipedes and Millipedes 241 From the Field Jumping Spider 242 Insects 244 Beetles 245 From the Field Cicada 246 Bugs 248 Flies 249 Butterflies and Moths 250 Bees and Wasps 252 Ants 253 Invertebrate Records 254 Animal Listing 256 Glossary 292 Resources 295 Index 296 Acknowledgments 302 Illustration credits 302 Credits 304
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK ENDANGERED STATUS BOX Throughout this book you will notice solid colored circles accompanying animal photographs as well as the list of animals in the back of the book These colors represent different con servation statuses Below is a key identifying each status along with its definition These statuses are based on information from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 ALERT Animal species at serious risk of dying out Some may even be extinct in the wild and exist only in places like zoos IN TROUBLE Animal species likely to become endan eered without conservation action STABLE Animal species whose populations are decreas ing but slowly UNDER STUDY Animal species that have experienced a decline in numbers and are being evaluated They are at risk of falling into either the In Trouble or the Alert categories NOT LISTED Animal species that have not yet been listed This category includes most fish and invertebrates DOMESTICATED Animal species domesticated for food clothing sport and companionship Their numbers are plentiful The National Geographic Animal Encyclopedia is divided into eight parts The first chapter introduces you to the world of animals through features such as animal life cycles and babies senses and communication homes and habitats adaptations and camouflage endangered species and animal conservation The second through seventh chapters present the major animal groups Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish and Invertebrates Each chapter begins with an opener followed by a gallery spread Since it is impossible to include every animal on Earth in one volume these galleries are designed to portray as much animal diversity as is possible on two pages Following the gallery is the What Is spread which introduces the groups of animals within each section This spread is followed by grouping spreads which introduce specific species along with key facts about them including their common and scientific names endan gered status habitat range diet and a short text block about each species In addition illustrated diagrams convey information about animal life cycles sonar size comparisons and much more Throughout these chapters you will find seventeen From the Field reports and six From the Lens images The reports present accounts from National Geographic explorers grantees and photographers in the field Each From the Lens provides a visual break featuring a stunning National Geographic animal photograph Concluding each chapter are animal records These pages are full of animal superlatives from the tallest and biggest to the smallest and smelliest animals The eighth section in this book is a listing of more than 1 000 additional animals Like the gallery spreads this list serves as a tool to give you a sense of the vast diversity and size of the ani mal kingdom Here you will find common and scientific names and size diet range and habitat information about animals in each of the six animal groups mammals birds reptiles amphibians fish and invertebrates HOW THE ANIMAL KINGDOM IS ORGANIZED The kingdom Animalia includes one phylum Chordata for ani mals with a backbone vertebrates and eight for those without one invertebrates There are eight classes of vertebrates mammals birds reptiles amphibians and four classes of fish The eight invertebrate phyla are Arthropoda insects arach nids centipedes and millipedes and horseshoe crabs Mollusca squid octopus cuttlefish and snails Cnidaria corals jellyfish and hydras Annelida earthworms leeches and polychaetes Platyhelminthes flukes and tapeworms Nematoda round worms Echinoderms starfish sea urchins and sea cucumbers and Porifera sponges SIZE ABBREVIATIONS cm centimeters ft feet in inches kg kilograms km kilometers Ib pounds m meters mm millimeters Oz ounces RANGE MAPS You will find two kinds of range maps in this book The range maps that appear with the From the Field reports illustrate the range of the featured species The range maps that appear on the Records spreads illustrate ranges for all of the record holding animals presented on those pages Records spread From the Field
Bold headings highlight the chapter names Color coded tabs appear on every page to tell you which section you are in and help you navigate the book WHAT IS MAMMAL Colorful boxes provide fun animal facts A Opening text introduces you to each animal chapter and describes the general charac teristics of the animals you will read about in the chapter Classification boxes explain the way in which animals in each section are grouped Diagrams depict the unique physical features and anatomy of the animals in the chapter Color coded tabs appear on every page to tell you which section you are in and help you navigate the book Bold headings highlight animal groups DUCKS GEESE AND SWANS Opening text introduces you to the species on the page and provides an overview of the species on the page or Habitat icons represent the type of envi ronment each animal lives in Descriptions are detailed on page 18 Spread Fact boxes provide common and scientific names and key facts for each featured species Illustrated diagrams portray infor mation such as animal life cycles and spe cial features
