Native American Encyclopedia Massasoit To Pamunkey
6 McClellan Creek McClellan Creek flows near the site in Texas where in 1874 U S Army troops attacked Grey Beard’s Cheyenne in order to rescue two young nonnative captives Earlier that year Cheyenne warriors led by Chief Medicine Water killed members of a German family traveling through Cheyenne lands During the attack the Cheyenne took four children captive Chief Medicine Water traded two of the children to Grey Beard’s band Eventually the army reunited all four sisters after the Cheyenne surrendered in 1875 McClintock Walter 1870-1949 a Yale University graduate traveled west in 1886 and photographed and wrote about the daily life of the Blackfoot tribe for 15 years The Blackfoot adopted him into their community His books include The Old North Trail and Old Indian Trails McCulloch Benjamin 1811 1862 born in Tennessee joined Sam Houston’s Texas army and the Texas Rangers He fought in the Battle of Plum Creek in 1840 against the Comanche During the Civil War Confederate president Jefferson Davis made McCulloch words to know anthropology an-throh-PAHL-uh-jee the study of human cultures the commander of the Indian Territory He made alliances with the Cherokee Choctaw and Creek in his effort to win Indian Territory for the South He led troops at the Battle of Wilson’s Creek and the Battle of Pea Ridge where he died Benjamin McCulloch helped lead Texas Rangers at the Battle of Plum Creek He defeated Penateka Comanche leader Buffalo Hump and his warriors McGillivray Alexander 1759 1793 of Scottish French and Creek heritage led the Creek’s Wind Clan during and after the American Revolution After war broke out he sided with the British and became the spokesperson for tribes living in today’s Florida and Georgia In 1784 he signed an agreement with the Spanish to strengthen the Creek’s hold on their homelands In 1790 McGillivray met with George Washington and others to sign the Treaty of New York The treaty tried to settle disagreements with Southern frontiersmen and protect Creek territorial rights
Medal of Honor recipients 7 as a director in the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington D C and at American Indian Development Inc in Colorado He created and led the anthropology department at the University of Saskatchewan Means Russell 1939 an Oglala Lakota activist born on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota served as the first national director of the American Indian Movement an organization dedicated to Native American rights He speaks at universities and gatherings all over the world and has written an autobiography His outspoken views spark discussion among his listeners Medal of Honor recipients have distinguished themselves in military service by showing courage above expectations during combat Early Native American honorees fought on U S soil in the Indian Wars in the West Many of these recipients served as scouts in the army In the 1900s medals went to World War II and Korean War soldiers Ernest Childers was a Creek lieutenant in the army during World War II He received this medal after an act of bravery during a battle McIntosh William 1775-1825 son of a Scottish father and Creek mother led the Creek who believed in cooperating with the U S government He fought the British in the War of 1812 and sided with Andrew Jackson against the Creek Red Sticks in the Creek War of 1813 to 1814 Against Creek law he signed treaties including the Treaty of Fort Jackson and the Treaty of Indian Springs selling Creek land As punishment the tribe sentenced him to death William McIntosh of Creek and Scottish heritage led the Creek White Sticks in the First Seminole War McNickle D’Arcy 1904-1977 of French Irish and Cree heritage strengthened the development of Native American literature and anthropology He wrote many articles books and histories reflecting his views and experiences One book The Surrounded written in 1936 continues to be studied today He served
8 medicine bundles Shamans use the power contained in a medicine bag to heal or bring good fortune to the tribe Medicine bundles hold things like animal parts tobacco seeds rocks or arrows Usually wrapped in leather or cloth traditional peoples believe bundles protect the wearer from harm or bring luck A dream might tell what items to put in the bundle or bag Shamans care for tribal medicine bundles too Tribal medicine bundles often include sacred pipes Plains Indians like the Cheyenne Mandan and Algonquian tribes use medicine bundles Medicine Creek Treaty of 1854 put into writing an agreement between Governor Isaac Stevens of Washington Territory and area tribes including the Nisqually Puyallup and Squaxin Island tribes The tribes agreed to give up nearly all of their lands in exchange for cash reservation lands and permanent permission to use their traditional hunting and fishing areas The treaty did not settle matters completely however and scattered fighting continued over the next few years Medicine dance rituals performed by medicine men or healers tried to capture supernatural help for the tribe or a person in the tribe Apache medicine dances could take several days and involved a time of preparation drumming symbolic costumes like animals and the participation of the entire tribe The Nez Perce built a longhouse each winter just for dancing Medicine dances are still practiced today
Medicine Lodge Treaties 9 Medicine Lodge Treaties signed at Medicine Lodge Creek Kansas paved the way for further settlement and expansion of the railroad into the central Great Plains In the fall of 1867 while thousands of Apache Arapahoe Cheyenne Comanche and Kiowa camped nearby their leaders met with the U S Indian Peace Commission The men including the Kiowa Satanta the Arapaho Little Raven and the Cheyenne Black Kettle signed three agreements removing the native peoples to reservations Newspapers reported on the peace conference in great detail including scenes such as this
