Native American Encyclopedia Confederacy To Fort Stanwix Treaty
On The Cover Project Consultant Scott Lyons Ph D an Ojibwe from Leech Lake teaches at Syracuse University He is also a columnist for Indian Country Today a Native American on line and print publication 2009 Rourke Publishing LLC All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher Detail from a painting by Karl Bodmer 1809 1893 www rourkepublishing com Photo credits Cover Photos V J Matthew John S Sfondilias and Library of Congress heiroglyph illustrations on cover and headers Rewa Tatsiana Page 4 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 5 courtesy of the National Maritime Museum United Kingdom Page 6 ArtMechanic Page 7 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 9 Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries The University of Texas at Austin Page 10 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 11 Jesus Monroy Jr Page 12 Bill perry Page 13 Edward S Curtis Collection courtesy of the Library of congress Page 14 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 15 Holly Kuchera and the Library of Congress Page 16 Glenda Powers Magdalena Marczewska Pages 17 and 19 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 20 Dr Morley Read Pages 21 24 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 25 National Archives and Records Administration Pages 26 and 27 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 30 Telnova Olya Page 31 Rob Ferguson Page 34 Carolina K Smith M D Page 35 Bill Perry Page 37 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 38 Nikater Page 39 Darryl Ricketts Page 41 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 43 HP _ photo Page 45 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 46 Nikater Page 48 courtesy of the Library of congress Page 51 Alison Williams Page 52 Tomcool Pages 53 and 54 Nikater pages 56 62 art by Charles Reasoner Tepee in Alberta Canada Editor Meg Greve Cover and page design by Nicola Stratford Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Sepehri Sandy Rourke's Native American history culture encyclopedia Sandy Sepehri p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978 1 60472 421 9 alk paper 1 Indians of North America Encyclopedias Juvenile 1 Title Il Title Rourke's Native American history and culture encyclopedia III Title Native American history culture encyclopedia E76 2 546 2009 970 00497 dc22 2008034816 Zuni girl photographed by Edward S Curtis 1903 Volume 3 of 10 ISBN 978 1 60472 709 8 Printed in the USA COCG Rourke Publishing www rourkepublishing com rourke rourepublishing com Post Office Box 3328 Vero Beach FL 32964 Anasazi cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde National Park Colorado
Introduction In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed from Europe to North America and changed the world forever Soon people from crowded European cities learned of the New World a big beautiful place where they could hunt farm and worship in freedom For the millions of people already living there however this world was not new it was home Their ancestors had been living on the American continents for thousands of years They had their own rich civilizations languages and cultures Columbus called them Indians thinking he had reached India Today in the United States they are called Native Americans and in Canada they are called First Peoples They are further categorized by their tribal names such as Cherokee Mohawk or Hopi Translated into English many tribal names simply mean The People As this name implies they were the people of the land the only people Then Europeans came to North America Colonists settled the eastern coast of North America and later established the United States Then pioneers arrived and moved to new areas west of the colonies The incoming Europeans brought a hunger for more land They also brought diseases for which the Native Americans had no immunity During a period of four hundred years after the arrival of Columbus both the Native Americans and the settlers faced immense challenges During this time millions of Native Americans died from disease and war Since the 1900s however their populations have grown and much of their culture has survived This encyclopedia series presents significant people and events in the history of Native Americans from the arrival of the Europeans to present day events 1 People are listed with their last name first 2 The entries reference over 200 Native American tribes They are listed by their most familiar name A pronunciation chart is provided for many of the tribe names on page 64 3 Cross references direct you to additional information related to a topic 4 Words to Know glossary is embedded in the text to help you pronounce and understand unfamiliar words
4 confederacy Confederacy is an alliance of tribes that camp along the Bear River in Idaho on are at peace with one another and work January 29 1863 The troops killed nearly together toward common goals In the all the Shoshone including those trying to past tribes belonging to a confederacy swim across the river often lived near one another and shared In 1865 he led the Powder River similar language and cultural backgrounds Expedition against the Sioux Arapaho These tribes each had their own leaders for and Cheyenne who were trying to stop handling tribal matters However they U S settlers from crossing into the gold cooperated on larger issues such as rush territory of Montana This expedition diplomacy war and trade The modern began the struggle between the United Iroquois Nation has a democratic form of States and the Great Sioux Nation that government known as the Grand Council continued for 25 years The struggle ended which is based upon its historic tragically at the Wounded Knee Massacre confederacy See also Bear River Massacre and See also Five Nations and Wounded Knee Massacre Iroquois Confederacy Conquistadors were Spanish explorers who invaded the American continents and Asia Pacific coast areas between the 15th and 19th centuries U S General Patrick E Connor led an expedition that launched 25 years of conflict between the U S and Great Sioux Nation Connor Patrick E 1820 1891 was a Union general during the American Civil War who fought against Native Americans in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican American War To combat the Shoshone rebellion Connor's troops attacked the Shoshone Famous conquistadors Hernán Cortés and Hernando de Soto were at first welcomed by the Incas
Cooke Philip St Georges Conversion is the process of changing from one religion to another Ever since Europeans first came to the Americas many have tried to convert Native Americans to Christianity Many of the methods of conversion were cruel Often the government took children away from their families and sent them to missionary boarding schools There they were forced to follow the new religion and punished for speaking in their native language Cook also mapped the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River which connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean This map allowed British General James Wolfe to attack French forces in Canada in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham which was part of the French and Indian War Cooke Philip St George 1809 1895 was a U S Army cavalry officer In 1832 he fought in the Black Hawk War against the Sauk Fox and Kickapoo They fought in the Illinois and Michigan territories over land rights The United States won In 1855 he fought in the Battle of Blue Water Creek in which his force killed 86 Lakota and captured 70 Lakota women and children Cooke also fought in the Utah Expedition from 1857 to 1858 in which U S forces battled the Mormon militia for rights to Utah territory Local Paiutes fought on the side of the Mormon militia The Mormon militia and Paiutes killed more than 100 settlers who were trying to cross from Arkansas into California The journeys of cartographer James Cook led to European settlement throughout the Pacific region WORDS TO KNOW Cook James 1728 1779 was a British navigator and cartographer who led three voyages to the Pacific Ocean and sailed around the world He was the first European to visit Hawaii and the east coast of Australia His voyages led to the founding of European colonies throughout the Pacific region alliance uh LYE uhnss an agreement to work together Asia Pacific AYE zhuh puh SIH fik the coasts of east Asia southeast Asia and Australia cartographer car TAH grah fur a person who makes maps Union YOON yun those states that remained loyal to the federal government during the American Civil War also called the northern states
