Native American Encyclopedia Bonepickers To Comanchero
6 Boudinot Elias Boudinot Elias 1802-1839 Cherokee brother of Stand Watie lived in Georgia and supported Cherokee assimilation Called Gallegina or Buck Watie in his early life he later took the name of the nonnative man who paid for his education Boudinot worked as the editor of the first native American newspaper the Cherokee Phoenix When Georgians pressured the Cherokee to move Boudinot and three others signed the Treaty of New Echota This was against the wishes of Chief John Ross and most of the Cherokee Nation The treaty signed away their eastern lands for lands in Indian Territory For this act of disloyalty unknown Cherokees killed Boudinot and two of the other signers in Indian Territory See also New Echota Treaty and Watie Stand Bourke John G 1846-1896 served in the U S Army under General George Crook in the West He learned to speak Apache and studied the tribes he words to know assimilation uh-sihm-uh-LAY-shun the act of becoming like the dominant group or culture including its values and way of life disloyalty dihs-LOY-uhl-tee lack of true and dependable faith and support shafts SHAFTS arrow bodies not including the arrowhead sinew SIH-nyoo strong fiber or tendon that secures muscle to bone met in his work He wrote reports that helped the army during peace talks and other dealings with Native Americans He later wrote about his experiences in several books including An Apache Campaign and On the Border with Crook Use of traditional bows and arrows declined after better guns came out in the mid-1800s Bow and arrow served as the main hunting and fighting weapon of Native American cultures for centuries Tribes made their bows and arrows out of materials found in their homeland Woodland tribes made their bows from strong flexible wood Alaskan tribes used driftwood strengthened with a sinew wrap or backing The Inuit used whale ribs Arrows had wood cane or reed shafts with arrowheads made of flint copper obsidian shell horn bone antler or wood The Inuit and others fastened feathers on the ends of their arrows Feathers gave the arrow a spin during flight
Braddock Edward 7 Bozeman Trail abandon all forts in the area and return the land to the Lakota Though the trail reopened in the 1870s after the Black Hills War railroads replaced its use See also Red Cloud Billy Bowlegs continued Seminole resistance after Creek and Seminole leader Osceola died in 1838 Bowlegs Billy about 1810-1864 also called Halpatter Micco or Holata Micco meaning Alligator Chief led Seminole forces during the Second and Third Seminole Wars He and his warriors operated out of the deep swamps where the U S Army had trouble moving its heavy weaponry By 1858 years of warfare disease and starvation convinced the remaining Seminoles to end the fighting Bowlegs demanded and received cash for war damages to Seminole land See also Seminole Wars Bozeman Trail linked Fort Laramie Kansas to the Montana gold fields It provided the quickest route for settlers and miners but cut through tribal hunting grounds To stop trail use by nonnatives the Lakota fought the U S Army during Red Cloud’s War In 1868’s Treaty of Fort Laramie the U S agreed to shut down the The Bozeman Trail shown in yellow cut through the last and best hunting area in the Northern Plains Tribes fought it fiercely Braddock Edward 1695-1755 led British troops in one disastrous battle against the French and their native allies in the French and Indian War Colonists including George Washington and Benjamin Franklin unsuccessfully tried to give him tips on wilderness warfare When he set off to take Fort Duquesne he did not use native scouts did not have local support and took too much equipment French forces ambushed Braddock’s men killing 997 out of 1,459 Braddock died of his wounds
8 Brady Samuel Brady Samuel 1756 1795 a frontiersman and Indian fighter led scouts in the American Revolution against the Lenni Lenape and Seneca After his brother and father died in a Native American raid he promised to get even During the war he told his scouts to dress as Native American warriors including war paint In this way they were able to easily spy on the enemy Meet Joseph Brant Brant Joseph 1742-1807 also called Thayendanegea meaning he places two bets served as a Mohawk leader and British Loyalist during the American Revolution He learned to speak and write English and became an interpreter for the British He convinced the Mohawk Onondaga Cayuga and Seneca tribes of the Iroquois League to side with the British in the American Revolution He led raids and battles during the war Brant’s successes led to a colonial army attack on him and his Iroquois League allies Brant gathered support in Ohio to keep fighting At war’s end Brant worked to get a homeland in Canada for the Mohawk 1774 1777 Works for Guy Johnson northern superintendant of Indian Affairs Fights in battles of Long Island and Fort Stanwix becomes a colonel in British army 1777-1778 Leads attacks on settlers and American forts including battle of Oriskany Creek 1783 Negotiates for Mohawk reserve Brant Molly 1735-1795 Joseph Brant’s sister served quietly as a diplomat between the British and their Iroquois League allies and as a spy during the American Revolution She could speak and write English well She married William Johnson Britain’s superintendent of Indian Affairs in North America and played a major role in convincing the Mohawk and other Iroquois League nations to join the British She kept the British informed of Patriot military movements in the Mohawk valley Her reports helped the British win at Oriskany Creek After the war she moved to Canada
breechcloth 9 meaning The decorations represented certain desirable characteristics of the original animal or object Brave means a Native American warrior of any age Early European fur traders called native men braves meaning those who defended their families and homelands in battle Nonnative people have come to understand the term as meaning only young strong Native American warriors Indian brave has become a stereotype for many modern nonnatives Breechcloths were often made of deerskin Breechcloth also called a breechclout or loincloth refers to a piece of clothing worn by men of many North American tribes Though the style differed among tribes a breechcloth consisted of a soft length of buckskin or cloth placed between the legs and tucked over a belt in back and front In some tribes women wore breechcloths under their outer clothing Young girls too might have worn breechcloths until they reached an age when they wore skirts and dresses words to know stereotype STAIR-ee-oh-type an overly simple common way of thinking about someone or something that leaves out all the qualities that make it real and true war paint WOR-paynt the paint used to decorate faces and bodies with symbols and patterns before battle Warriors made breastplates of leather and decorated them with beads shells horn or bone Breastplates protected a warrior’s chest The Plains Indians in particular wore this type of armor The breastplate and its decoration carried spiritual and individual
