i Integrated circuits or microchips have been getting smaller over time It was not until the 1980s that nanotechnology really started to spread The invention of several microscopes in that decade finally allowed scientists to view nanoscale items Nano Now According to the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies there are more than 1 600 consumer products containing nanomaterials Nanoparticles are used as additives in a wide variety of products including motor oil and deodorant Electronics such as cell phones and P Riley computers contain millions or even billions of nanoscale components in the form of transistors Nanoscale treatments keep surfaces scratch or dirt free Odor free and waterproof fabrics often get their properties from nanotechnology And nanotechnology is improving the quality and efficiency of many television and electronic displays 10
Richard Feynman 1918 1988 Remote norm and to share the ordinations by s scientist By age 15 he had taught himself trigonometry algebra analytic geometry and calculus Feynman earned a bachelor s degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT in 1939 and a PhD from Princeton University in 1942 During World War II 1939 1945 he worked on the Manhattan Project which led to the development of the atomic bomb After the war Feynman became a professor of theoretical physics He received the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work with quantum electrodynamics QED and the creation of Feynman diagrams QED addresses the electromagnetic forces between charged particles such as electrons and positrons Feynman diagrams are a graphical representation of these interactions In 1986 Feynman helped determine why the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded He concluded the report with one of his famous sayings For a successful technology reality must take precedence over public relations for nature cannot be fooled W11 11
Large scale nanomanufacturing processes that produce quality nanomaterials New smartphones typically have more than one billion transistors are still being researched and developed These processes fall into two categories Top down approaches start with full sized materials and break them down into nano sizes The making of computer components falls in this category By contrast bottom up approaches build materials at an atomic or molecular level often employing complicated chemical processes to result in the desired materials Many more applications of nanotechnology are being studied in universities and research and development departments around the world But before they could make these advances scientists had to be able to see the nanomaterials they were working with 12
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