Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence — page 7 — Deep Blue Artificial Champions Garry Kasparov left plays chess against Deep Blue in 1997 Watson was neither the first nor the last Feng Hsiung Hsu one of Deep Blue's designers moves the computer program to defeat a human pieces for the computer opponent The checkers program Chinook was the first to win a human championship in 1994 Three years later an IBM program named Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov the world's chess champion In 2015 a group of computer scientists in Canada announced a computer program named Cepheus which plays an essentially perfect game of poker Chess is a game of perfect information meaning nothing is hidden from the players The rules are also very simple Each piece moves in one specific way A computer program with enough power could in theory test the results of every possible move and then choose the best one For example after each player has made one move there are 400 possible positions to calculate But that number quickly becomes enormous Twel moves ahead there are a quintillion 1 000 000 еее 800 000 possible game states most of those game states are ridiculous and a human player ignores them Deep Blue has been designed to ignore them too An algorithm measures the advantage of each possible move and the program follows only the paths that seem most promising when Deep Blue defeated chess champion Garry Kasparov the machine could search 200 million positions every second Now chess playing computer programs compete in their own tournaments and human chess players have learned new strategies from the machines Chinook Deep Blue Watson and Cepheus are each examples of AI Al shows up in many cutting edge technologies including robots driverless cars web searches and video games AI technologies use sophisticated algorithms or sets of instructions to solve a variety of difficult problems In science fiction Al characters are typically robots with superhuman brains In reality scientists still cannot build a robot that learns sees listens talks walks interacts and reasons as well as a person Instead there are many different technologies that 10

Artificial Intelligence — page 8 — E e match A S O sease NSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS DEEP BLUE

Artificial Intelligence — page 9 — accomplish just one or two of those tasks For example Watson is excellent at answering questions Siri the The PackBot is being used by explosives technicians in the US military Poker Face personal assistant on the iPhone can understand what a person says The PackBot produced by the company iRobot excels at navigating through unfamiliar terrain Other Al Unlike chess poker is a game that involves chance and hidden or imperfect information Players keep their cards secret and make bets on who has the best hand Players can bluff or pretend to have good cards when they don't They can also fold or quit around if they think their cards cannot win in 2015 a team of Canadian researchers announced that their computer program Cepheus could play a certain style of poker better than any human To come up with its winning strategy Cepheus played billions of games against itself putting in a total of 1 000 years of practice This practice time was spread out across a cluster of 5 000 computers technologies work behind the scenes to figure out who and what people like while they are using social media or shopping online And some Als such as Watson and Deep Blue become world champions 12

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