Seismology: Our Violent Earth

Seismology: Our Violent Earth — page 3 — www abdopublishing com Published by Abdo Publishing a division of ABDO PO Box 398166 Minneapolis Minnesota 55439 Copyright 2015 by Abdo Consulting Group Inc International copyrights reserved in all countries No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher Essential Library is a trademark and logo of Abdo Publishing Printed in the United States of America North Mankato Minnesota 102014 012015 Cover Photos Shutterstock Images Interior Photos Shutterstock Images 1 3 63 KSK Imaging iStockphoto 7 Arindam Banerjee iStockphoto 9 FXEGS Javier Espuny Shutterstock Images 12 Lloyd Cluff Corbis 15 Glow Images 17 H D Falkenstein ImageBroker RM Glow Images 20 Keren Su Corbis 23 Oxford Science Archive Heritage Images Glow Images 25 64 Bettmann Corbis 28 33 61 John Woodcock DK Images 30 Encyclopedia Britannica UIG Getty Images 37 73 James Stevenson DK Images 41 Roger Ressmeyer Corbis 45 US Government 48 Gary Hincks Science Source 50 Rick Wilking Reuters Corbis 53 AP Images 59 Wally Fong AP Images 56 Jan Woitas picture-alliance dpa AP Images 55 Image Asset Management Ltd SuperStock 66 Mark Garlick Science Source 69 Claus Lunau Science Source 74 Dorling Kindersley Thinkstock 77 Keichi Nakane The Yomiuri Shimbun AP Images 81 Jacob J Kirk US Navy AP Images 84 Kyodo News AP Images 87 The Yomiuri Shimbun AP Images 89 Chris Sattlberger Science Source 91 USGS 94 Lacy Atkins AP Images 97 Editor Arnold Ringstad Series Designer Craig Hinton Library of Congress Control Number 2014943878 Cataloging-in-Publication Data Baxter Roberta Seismology our violent Earth Roberta Baxter p cm History of science ISBN 978-1-62403-565-4 lib bdg Includes bibliographical references and index 1 Seismology History Juvenile literature 2 Volcanism Juvenile literature I Title 551 21 dc23 2014943878

Seismology: Our Violent Earth — page 4 — Contents Chapter One A Tale of Two Quakes 6 Chapter Two Early Seismic Theories 14 Chapter Three Renaissance Science Tackles Earthquakes 24 Chapter Four Waves and Faults 32 Chapter Five How Are Faults and Earthquakes Related 44 Chapter Six Magnitude and Intensity 52 Chapter Seven Continental Drift 62 Chapter Eight Plate Tectonics 68 Chapter Nine Other Consequences of Earthquakes 80 Chapter Ten An Evolving Science 90 TIMELINE 98 ESSENTIAL FACTS 100 GLOSSARY 102 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 104 SOURCE NOTES 106 INDEX 110 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 112

Seismology: Our Violent Earth — page 5 — 6 Chapter One Port-au-Prince’s dense construction and ramshackle building style left it extremely vulnerable to earthquakes People strolled through the streets of Port-au-Prince Haiti buying vegetables and fruit for their evening meal from the market stalls along the street Children played as the scent of cooking evening meals wafted on the city’s air Suddenly at 4 53 p m local time on January 12 2010 an earthquake shattered the city Screams filled the air as homes and buildings collapsed in clouds of dust People jumped out of cars and ran out of buildings to get to any open space they could find The country was home to 10 million people One-fourth of them lived in the capital city of Port-au-Prince Hundreds of thousands of people lived in urban slums arrayed along the edges and hillsides of the city Approximately 3 5 million people were affected by the quake 1 A Tale of TWO QUAKES

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