1 THE STEAM ENGINE POWERS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Humans have always needed sources of power For most of history people burned wood straw or waste These were simple sources for heat and light The first machines also used these fuels Even early trains burned wood Early industries were powered by waterwheels Flowing water would turn a wheel to create power In the 1600s inventors started experimenting with steam power A steam engine burns coal or wood to heat water The steam created by the boiling water moves parts in an This steam engine made in 1879 was used in a sugar mill in Hawaii 4
engine Thomas Savery patented the first steam-powered pump in 1698 Thomas Newcomen made a more efficient steam-powered pump in 1712 These early pumps were used to remove water from mines In 1765 James Watt created a steam-powered engine that needed much less fuel By the 1800s steam engines were used to power trains and boats Boats and trains started carrying passengers as well as goods People were able to travel great distances more easily Some factories that had used waterwheels switched 1 Number of steam locomotives operating on a major railroad in the United States as of 2012 Patented by James Watt in 1769 Increased demand for coal as fuel Allowed easy travel Drove the Industrial Revolution to steam engines Factories no longer needed to be built next to water The new power source helped them produce more goods Steam power helped set off the Industrial Revolution This period was marked by rapid growth in industries and cities Before inventing a new steam engine James Watt made math instruments 5
2 NEW DRILL IMPROVES ACCESS TO OIL Oil is a thick black liquid found underground In approximately 1855 a chemist named Benjamin Silliman found a way to turn oil into kerosene Kerosene can be burned in lamps for light Demand for oil grew quickly and oil companies dug many wells But they needed better ways to access the oil At first people dug wells using simple tools such as shovels The diggers had to stop often to remove rocks and mud It could take months to drill a few dozen feet Some oil deposits are more than 100 feet 30 5 m deep Steam power made drilling faster The early 1900s brought even better ways to drill A rotary drill has a hollow drill bit Broken rocks and mud could be washed out of the hole This meant the drill could work steadily instead of stopping for the removal of rock chips 6 Modern oil rigs still use Modern oil rigs still use Modern oil rigs still use rrotary drills Most are rotary drills Most are y powered by diesel engines powered by diesel engines
Rotary drills make a smaller hole in the ground than earlier drills Better drilling tools made oil common and cheap Oil burns cleaner than coal That means it does not make as much pollution Oil is also easier to move and store than coal because it is liquid The use of oil grew quickly It was used to produce light heat and electricity By 1950 oil had become the United States most used energy source FOSSIL FUELS Fossil fuels are formed in the earth They come from plants or animals that died a long time ago Coal oil and natural gas are fossil fuels These fuels are the most commonly used sources of energy 7 Drilling got even easier with a new type of drill bit In 1908 Texas oilman Howard R Hughes Sr introduced a bit with two cones that work together It could drill through much harder rock and work faster Deeper wells could be dug with the new bit 18 83 million Number of barrels of oil used in the United States each day The first rotary drill was invented by Englishman Robert Beart in 1844 Rotary drilling was first used for oil in 1901 in Texas Howard R Hughes Sr introduced a new drill bit in 1908 in Texas
